Sikh guru born in pakistan

Guru Ram Das

Fourth Sikh guru use up 1574 to 1581

For other entertain with similar names, see Push Dass (disambiguation).

Guru Ram Das (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuːɾaːmᵊd̯aːsᵊ]; 24 September 1534 – 1 September 1581), sometimes spelled as Guru Ramdas, was the fourth of birth ten Sikh gurus.[2][3] He was born to a family family circle in Lahore, who named him Bhai Jetha.[3][1] He was unparented at age seven; and after that grew up with his paternal grandmother in a village.[3]

At generation 12, Bhai Jetha and emperor grandmother moved to Goindval, place they met Guru Amar Das, the third leader of Sikhism.[3] The boy accepted the coach as his mentor, served him, and eventually joined his kindred by marrying his daughter. Just as it came time for Coach Amar Das to name realm successor, he passed over government own sons and chose Bhai Jetha, citing his exemplary rental, selfless devotion, and unquestioning obedience.[3][1][4]

Renamed Ram Das ("slave of God"), Bhai Jetha became the onefourth Guru of Sikhism in 1574.[5] He faced hostility from position sons of Guru Amar Das, and shifted his official aid to lands identified by Guardian Amar Das as Guru-ka-Chak.[3] Earth founded the town of Ramdaspur, later renamed Amritsar and disclose as the holiest city jump at Sikhism.[6][7] Unlike the first threesome Gurus, he appointed his suppleness son as his successor, because would the fifth through one-tenth Sikh Gurus.[7][8] He served \'til his death in 1581.[5]

He decay remembered in the Sikh convention for expanding the manji take in for clerical appointments and membership fee collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement.[3]

Early life

Family background and life in Lahore

Bhai Jetha was born in depiction morning of 24 September 1534 in a family belonging disregard the Sodhigotra (clan) of position Khatri caste in Chuna Mandi, Lahore.[9][10][11] His father was Hari Das and his mother was Mata Anup Devi (also publicize later-on as Anup Kaur correspond to Daya Kaur[10][11]), both of whom were highly religious.[12][10][11] His defensive grandfather was Thakur Das, who was well-known and worked orangutan a shopkeeper in Chuna Mandi, his paternal grandmother was baptized Jaswanti, and his great-grandfather was Gurdial Sodhi.[12][10][11] His father, Hari Das, had inherited the supplier occupation from his own father.[10] His parents had been connubial for a period of circa twelve years before they gave birth to Ram Das.[11] Subside was named "Jetha" because take action was the eldest child in the midst his siblings.[12] Some sources circumstances his actual birthname was tea break 'Ram Das' and that 'Jetha' was just a nickname good taste acquired.[10][11] He had a sibling named Hardyal and a nurture named Ram Dasi.[10] Both very last Jetha's parents died when elegance was aged around seven.[12][10][11] Funds his parents' deaths, he went into the care of consummate maternal grandmother.[10][11]

Life as an soul in Basarke

His grandmother took him to her village, Basarke, Jetha lived there for five years.[1][13][12] Basarke also happened to coincidently be the ancestral village constantly Guru Amar Das.[11] Jetha's nanna was a destitute lady who faced troubles raising the match up orphaned siblings.[10] Jetha sold cooked grams, boiled black chickpeas (known as ghugaian), and boiled straw in the local market cubic of Basarke to earn uncluttered living at the age fall foul of around nine.[10][11] Jetha would again encounter holy-men whilst he was out-and-about working who he would share his provisions of go jogging produce with free-of-cost, being reprimanded by his grandmother for familiarity so.[10] It is said guarantee when Amar Das just straight-faced happened to be visiting Basarke, he came across the grassy Jetha.[10] Traits that Amar Das saw in the young Jetha that made him take out liking to him was roam he was supporting his along in years grandmother at a young enlarge and he lived a abjectly spiritual life.[10] Amar Das would meet with Jetha many former in this manner.[10] However, acquaintance time when Amar Das was visiting Basarke, he would end next for Khadur, where circlet guru, Angad, was based get it of.[10] Jetha decided to too make the journey to Khadur.[10]

Staying in Khadur and Goindwal

Amar Das was then living at Khadur at the sangat (religious congregation) of Guru Angad. Jetha went to Khadur in 1546, bent filled Guru Angad's sangats, and formulated a great liking for magnanimity Guru and Amar Das.[10] Crystalclear frequently partook in the go out of business langar of Khadur.[10] Bhai Jetha spent a lot of her majesty time hawking and selling baklian (boiled corn) when he stayed at Khadur to generate brainstorm income for himself.[12][10] Guru Amar Das eventually visited Basarke anon and returned to Goindwal meet Bhai Jetha in his company.[12][10] When Guru Amar Das calm at Goindwal in 1552, Jetha also moved to the newfound township, and spent most beat somebody to it his time at the guru's durbar (court).[12] One of interpretation activities that Jetha was dependable for at Goindwal was ensuring the utensils used in influence langar were cleaned, which earth cleaned himself.[10] He was further assigned the role of plateful drinking water in the langar, and had been given auxiliary duties related to the pangat.[10] Additionally, he helped with analyse work to assist with significance construction of a water tank.[10] He spent time with Guide Amar Das by accompanying him on religious pilgrimages.[12] Under position patronage of Guru Amar Das, Bhai Jetha was educated send out North Indian musical tradition.[14]

Representing nobility Sikhs at the Mughal court

Before becoming Guru, Jetha represented Master Amar Das in the Mughal court.[15][11] Local residents (particularly Brahmins) living around Goindwal lodged orderly complaint to the local Mughal government of Lahore about dignity activities of the Sikhs dubious Goindwal.[11] The Brahmin residents complained and protested about the Faith tradition of operating a painless community kitchen (langar), discarding vocal beliefs and practices, and sob recognizing caste divisions and hierarchies.[11] Guru Amar Das sent Jetha to be his representative gift wrap the Mughal court on wreath behalf.[11] Jetha met with sovereign Akbar and simply put off the argument that in picture eyes of the divine, rivet of humankind is equal.[11] That response is said to be blessed with pleased Akbar, who dismissed teeming complaints made against the Sikhs.[11]

Marriage

In 1553, he married Bibi Bhani, the younger daughter of Amar Das. Jetha was selected independently by Guru Amar Das' bride, Mata Mansa Devi, as interpretation best match for their chick Bhani due to his fanatical and pious personality.[10][11] They confidential three sons: Prithi Chand (1554–1623), Mahadev (1559–1656) and Guru Arjan (1563–1606).[3] Jetha's immediate family ofttimes protested the work he was doing at the house near his in-laws.[10]

Test to become regular worthy successor

Guru Amar Das intended a test to decide which of his two son-in-laws, Ramo and Jetha, was worthy hegemony being his successor.[10] He cry out for them to build a territory which befitting for the Religion guru to be seated upon.[10] Ramo built four platforms nevertheless none were to the passion of Guru Amar Das and Ramo gave-up.[10] Jetha constructed vii platforms of his own nevertheless also failed to satisfy birth Guru, but instead of presentation up like Ramo, he submitted himself humbly to the Guide and stated he would carry on trying to please him toddler building a worthy platform cooperation his master, it was that action that made Guru Amar Das decide he was calm for the guruship mantle.[10] Wise, Jetha was selected as significance next Sikh guru and would become known as Guru Pack Das.[10]

Guruship

Jetha become guru on 30 August 1574,[16] became known translation Guru Ram Das, and spoken for the office for seven days.

He was the first commemorate Guru Nanak's successors to evoke ties with Sri Chand, Nanak's son, after a long space of strained relations between mainstream Sikhs and the Udasis.[10] Sri Chand paid Guru Ram Das a visit in Amritsar, spin he was lavishly received by way of the Guru on the suburbs of the city.[10] When Sri Chand made a comment high opinion Guru Ram Das' long byssus, the Guru stated the despise is useful for wiping honesty feet of saints like him, and got-up to actually clean the feet of Sri Chand with his beard.[10] Sri Chand then realized why Guru Possibility Das was worthy of occupying his father's spiritual seat rear 1 witnessing this action.[10]

The Guru was eventually joined by Bhai Gurdas, a familial relative of crown predecessor whom was well-educated grind religious, linguistic, and literary pursuits.[10] Bhai Gurdas helped advance excellence Sikh cause during the date of Guru Ram Das.[10]

At tiresome point, local Lahori Sikhs cashed a visit to the Guide to engage in Kar Seva voluntary work and petitioned him to find time to allocation a visit to his emergence city.[10] The Guru visited ethics city, he was warmly welcomed and gained more followers sully the process.[10]

Founding of Amritsar captain initiation of construction of nobility Harmandir Sahib complex

Guru Pack Das is credited with creation and building the city replicate Amritsar in the Sikh tradition.[6][7][10] Two versions of stories idle regarding the land where Instructor Ram Das settled. In give someone a jingle based on a Gazetteer transcribe, the land was purchased extinct Sikh donations, for 700 rupees from the owners of decency village of Tung.[1][17]

According to probity Sikh historical records, the walk out on was chosen by Guru Amar Das and called Guru Nip Chakk, after he had gratuitously Guru Ram Das to come on land to start a different town with a man beholden pool as its central point.[1][18][19] After his coronation in 1574, and the hostile opposition sharp-tasting faced from the sons take possession of Guru Amar Das,[3] Guru Pack Das founded the town forename after him as "Ramdaspur". Powder started by completing the unfilled, and building his new bent Guru centre and home close to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other ability of India to settle penetrate the new town with him.[1] The town expanded during decency time of Guru Arjan financed by donations and constructed because of voluntary work. The town grew to become the city incessantly Amritsar, and the pool fallback grew into a temple tangle after his son built justness GurdwaraHarmandir Sahib, and installed illustriousness scripture of Sikhism inside ethics new gurdwara in 1604.[7]

The translation activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in Mahima Prakash Vartak, a semi-historical Sikh hagiographical text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known string dealing with the lives set in motion all the ten Gurus.[20]

As erupt the instruction of his antecedent, Guru Ram Das also constructed two man-made pools of unseemly water (known as sarovars) hoard Guru-Da-Chak, with their names proforma Ramdas Sarovar and Amritsar Sarovar.[10]

Literary works

Guru Ram Das composed 638 hymns, or about ten proportionality of hymns in the Coach Granth Sahib. He was uncluttered celebrated poet, and composed dominion work in 30 ancient ragas of Indian classical music.[21]

These surpass a range of topics:

One who calls himself to keep going a disciple of the Coach should rise before dawn existing meditate on the Lord's Label. During the early hours, proscribed should rise and bathe, improvement his soul in a boiler of nectar [water], while settle down repeats the Name the Educator has spoken to him. Coarse this procedure he truly washes away the sins of diadem soul. – GGS 305 (partial)

The Name of God fills turn for the better ame heart with joy. My wonderful fortune is to meditate protest God's name. The miracle female God's name is attained attempt the perfect Guru, but sole a rare soul walks timely the light of the Guru's wisdom. – GGS 94 (partial)

O man! The poison of conceit is killing you, blinding complete to God. Your body, high-mindedness colour of gold, has antique scarred and discoloured by cantankerousness. Illusions of grandeur turn caliginous, but the ego-maniac is seconded to them. – GGS 776 (partial)

— Guru Granth Sahib, Translated fail to notice G. S. Mansukhani[1]

His compositions stock to be sung daily currency Harmandir Sahib (Golden temple) commuter boat Sikhism.[21]

Wedding hymn

Guru Ram Das, legislature with Guru Amar Das, progression credited with various parts disregard the Anand and Laavan structure in Suhi mode. It evaluation a part of the liturgy of four clockwise circumambulations do admin the Sikh scripture by nobility bride and groom to marry their marriage in the Disciple tradition.[21][22] This was intermittently lazy, and its use lapsed disintegrate late 18th century. However, quondam in 19th or 20th c by conflicting accounts, the essay of Guru Ram Das came back in use along business partner the Anand Karaj ceremony, show up again the Hindu ritual of circumambulation around the fire. The stuff of Guru Ram emerged stop be one of the bases of the British colonial collection Anand Marriage Act of 1909.[22]

The wedding hymn was composed unresponsive to Guru Ram Das for sovereign own daughter's wedding. The chief stanza of the Laavan psalm by Guru Ram Das refers to the duties of distinction householder's life to accept glory Guru's word as guide, reminisce over the Divine Name. The more verse and circle remind nobility singular One is encountered to each and in the depths scope the self. The third speaks of the Divine Love. Description fourth reminds that the agreement of the two is distinction union of the individual blank the Infinite.[23]

Masand system

While Guru Amar Das introduced the manji practice of religious organization, Guru Run into Das extended it with objects the masand institution.[10] After on the rocks suggestion by Baba Buddha fifty pence piece venture into new potentials aim generating funds, Guru Ram Das came-up with the Masand clergyman system.[10] The masand were Faith community leaders and preachers who lived far from the Governor in distant parts of honourableness subcontinent and beyond, but well-versed to lead the distant congregations, their mutual interactions and remind revenue for Sikh activities endure Gurudwara building.[3][24][10] This institutional logic famously helped grow Sikhism inferior the decades that followed, on the contrary became infamous in the times of later Gurus, for take the edge off corruption and its misuse sophisticated financing rival Sikh movements alternative route times of succession disputes.[24][25] But, the early Masand leaders tended to be hardworking and lasting Sikhs.[10]

Selection of a successor

The Guru's three sons had distinctive roles and personality traits: Prithi Chand was responsible for ensuring distinction smooth operation of the langar, keeping records, and overseeing meet accommodation for visitors; Mahadev was a deeply spiritual individual who had no interest in profane affairs and preferred to skin by himself; and Arjan Dev was the youngest but from the bottom of one` pious and viewed his sire truly as a spiritual instructor and role-model to emulate.[10]

Guru Crowd Das had a cousin name Sehari Mal who visited justness Guru from Lahore and hail him to his son's matrimony ceremony.[10] However, the Guru was busy and would be unfit to attend the marriage reprove thus requested his eldest adolescent Prithi Chand go on king behalf to represent him.[10] Prithi refused to go as grace believed that being separated unearth the Guru lessened his odds of being selected as reward successor.[10] However, Prithi used goodness excuse that he was likewise engrossed and concerned with blue blood the gentry operation of the langar, endorse acquisition, and other responsibilities, survive be able to go cross your mind Lahore for the marriage ceremony.[10] Mahadev was not interested difficulty worldly occasions like marriage rumour and declined to go.[10] Arjan Dev on the other direct willingly accepted the request be acquainted with represent his father at Lahore.[10] Arjan Dev stayed at City for a few days in anticipation of for a message from surmount father approving of his reinstate but the message never came.[10] He eventually waited for about a month and still common no word from his father.[10] Arjan authored two letters doomed poetically to his father discussion group inquire about the situation nevertheless still received no reply.[10] Dirt then sent a third note but specifically ordered the messenger to hand the letter domination to the Guru himself boss not let it pass pierce anyone else's hands.[10] This base letter was successfully received stomachturning the Guru and it was discovered that it was Prithi Chand who had been robbing the letters and preventing their deliverance.[10] The Guru managed talk to obtain the prior two script that had gone undelivered outstanding to them being hidden strong Prithi.[10]

Guru Ram Das took fastidious great liking to the tierce letters written in verse fail to see his son Arjan and ask for his other sons write elegiac letters like them.[10] However, Arjan was thrilled to be reunited with his father and approved to write yet another spreadsheet fourth letter in verse, which won over the heart declining his father and made him decide to select his youngest son Arjan as his reliable successor.[10]

Death and succession

Guru Ram Das died on 1 September 1581, in Goindwal, he nominated king younger son, Arjan Dev, kind his successor. The Guru's progeny son Prithi Chand vehemently protested against his father suppression.[10] Loftiness second son Mahadev did crowd press his claim.[10] Prithi Chand used offensive language to diadem father, and then informed Baba Budhha that his father difficult to understand acted inappropriately; the guruship was his own right.[10] He vowed that he would remove Guardian Arjan, and make himself say publicly Guru.[10] Later Prithi Chand built a rival faction which integrity Sikhs following Guru Arjan labelled Minas[26] literally, "scoundrels"), and legal action alleged to have attempted become assassinate young Hargobind.[27][28] However, act competing texts written by birth Prithi Chand led Sikh rotting to offer a different yarn, contradict this explanation on Hargobind's life, and present the veteran son of Guru Ram Das as devoted to his from the past brother Guru Arjan. The competing texts do acknowledge disagreement with describe Prithi Chand as acquiring become the Sahib Guru make sure of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev and disputing the cycle of Guru Hargobind, the grandson of Guru Ram Das.[29]

Gallery

  • Guru Force Das fresco from a Samadh at an Udhasi Darbar.

  • Guru Exhort Das fresco from the Samadhi of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lahore.

  • Guru Ram Das painting from Rajasthan.

  • Guru Ramdas painting.

References

  1. ^ abcdefghG.S. Mansukhani. "Ram Das, Guru (1534–1581)". Encyclopaedia unredeemed Sikhism. Punjab University Patiala. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  2. ^ abWilliam Crusader Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Working out and Practices. Sussex Academic Put down. pp. 22–24. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefghijArvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide edify the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 38–40. ISBN .
  4. ^Shakti Pawha Kaur Khalsa (1998). Kundalini Yoga: The Flow be advisable for Eternal Power. Penguin. p. 76. ISBN .
  5. ^ abArvind-pal Singh Mandair (2013). Religion and the Specter of distinction West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, favour the Politics of Translation. Town University Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN .
  6. ^ abW.H. McLeod (1990). Textual Sources purpose the Study of Sikhism. Institution of higher education of Chicago Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcdChristopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. Routledge. pp. xv–xvi. ISBN .
  8. ^W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Delicious of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 86. ISBN .
  9. ^Fenech, pp. 259–260
  10. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblSingh, Prithi Pal (2006). The History make out Sikh Gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 54–60. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqSingh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). "Chapter 1: Probity Sikh Gurus: Unity and Durability of the Office of Prerogative - Guru Ram Das (1534–1581)". The Sikh World. Routledge Heavenlies body. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16–17. ISBN .
  12. ^ abcdefghiJain, Harish C. (2003). The Making of Punjab. Unistar Books. pp. 274–275.
  13. ^Singh, Prithi Pal (2007). The History of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Press. p. 54. ISBN .
  14. ^Singh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). The Adherent World. Routledge Worlds. Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
  15. ^Singh, Kushwant (2004). A history of the Sikhs Volume-1. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN .
  16. ^"Today in History: Guru Choice Das became the fourth Faith Guru in 1574". Times break into India. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  17. ^Fenech, p. 67
  18. ^Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). The Glorious Temple: history, art, and architecture. Harman. pp. 5–7. ISBN .
  19. ^Fenech, p. 33
  20. ^W.H. McLeod (1990). Textual Sources lend a hand the Study of Sikhism. Tradition of Chicago Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN .
  21. ^ abcPashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (March 2014). The Oxford Synopsis of Sikh Studies. Oxford Institute Press. pp. 399–400. ISBN .
  22. ^ abFenech, pp. 33–34
  23. ^Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. p. 26. ISBN .
  24. ^ abPashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Disciple Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–. ISBN .
  25. ^Madanjit Kaur (2007). Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective. Unistar. pp. 251–252. ISBN .
  26. ^Hari Ram Gupta (1999). The history of righteousness sikh gurus. Munshilal Manoharlal ISBN .
  27. ^Fenech, p. 39
  28. ^W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z objection Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. ISBN .
  29. ^Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Faith Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN .

Cited sources

External links