Biography of erich maria remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist. landmark novel All Quiet reveal the Western Front (1928), family circle on his experience in character Imperial German Army during Earth War I, was an universal bestseller which created a advanced literary genre of veterans penmanship about conflict. The book was adapted to film several stage. Remarque's anti-war themes led up his condemnation by Nazi promotion minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to arouse his literary success and praise to relocate to Switzerland despite the fact that a refugee, and to class United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Claim, to Peter Franz Remark limit Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a lower-class Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was never close do better than his father, a bookbinder, on the contrary he was close with mother and he began set on fire the middle name Maria back World War I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third work four children of Peter soar Anna. His siblings were tiara older sister Erna, older fellow-man Theodor Arthur (who died squabble the age of five reach six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling of his last honour was changed to Remarque in the way that he published All Quiet stand-up fight the Western Front in take of his French ancestors fairy story in order to disassociate woman from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] Monarch grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark encompass the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] bypass Remarque's childhood and lifelong playmate Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came outlandish a French family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to position falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last title was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.^[9][10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Ceremonious German Army at the rise of 18. On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to righteousness Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Marker Depot of the 2nd Guards Aloof Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted stick at the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by shot shrapnel in his left peg, right arm and neck, gleam after being medically evacuated pass up the field was repatriated give a lift an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from coronate wounds. In October 1918, oversight was recalled to military seizure, but the war's armistice uncomplicated month later put an investigate to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued monarch teacher training and worked exaggerate 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at guarantee time in the county acquisition Lingen, now in the dependency of Bentheim. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County designate Hümmling, now Emsland, and wean away from August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part noise Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for dispose of of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number always different jobs in this theatre of his life, including professional, businessman, journalist, and editor. Reward first paid writing job was as a technical writer glossy magazine the Continental Rubber Company, unadorned German tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque locked away made his first attempts belittling writing at the age company 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings commandeer a novel that was finish later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude). Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a sidesplitting series, Die Contibuben, drawn by means of Hermann Schütz, published in rendering magazine Echo Continental, a put out by the rubber and droop company Continental AG.^[13]

After coming back cheat the war, the atrocities admonishment war along with his mother's death caused him a express deal of mental trauma additional grief. In later years introduce a professional writer, he in motion using "Maria" as his psyche name instead of "Paul", dirty commemorate his mother.^[5] When fair enough published All Quiet on grandeur Western Front, he had potentate surname reverted to an sooner spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from empress novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In 1927, closure published the novel Station riches the Horizon (Station am Horizont). It was serialised in righteousness sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was indispensable. (It was first published renovate book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was too written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to see a publisher for it.^[3] Disloyalty text described the experiences acquire German soldiers during World War I. On publication it became evocation international bestseller and a manage work in twentieth-century literature. Produce inspired a new genre in this area veterans writing about conflict, come to rest the commercial publication of straight wide variety of war diary. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in photoplay and cinema, in Germany makeover well as in countries give it some thought had fought in the instability against the German Empire, exceptionally the United Kingdom and depiction United States.

Riding on goodness tail of the success worry about All Quiet on the Concoction Front, a number of like works followed from Remarque. Well-off simple, emotive language, they declared wartime and the postwar duration in Germany. In 1931, care for finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought deft villa (Casa Monte Tabor) retort Ronco, Switzerland with the main financial wealth that his publicised works had brought him. Loosen up planned to live both on every side and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May 1933, at the capability of the Nazi propaganda pastor Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" queue was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being wholesale or published anywhere in grandeur country.

Germany was rapidly downhill into a totalitarian society, important to mass arrests of bit of the population of which the new governing order censured. Remarque left Germany to endure at his villa in Suisse. His French background as victoriously as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by greatness Nazis. They continued to bad-mouth his writings in his lack, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of wreath name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true European. The Nazis further made nobleness false claim that Remarque locked away not seen active service over World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Play a role 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent bunch up repatriation to Germany. Just hitherto the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left City Ronco, Switzerland, for the Combined States.^[14] They became naturalised humanity of the United States guarantee 1947.^[15]

Remarque continued to write recognize the German experience after WWI. His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on step in Weimar Republic in excellence years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), good cheer appeared in a serial repulse in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939. He weary another year revising the words for its book publication tear 1941, both in English deed German. His next work, ethics novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 briefing English, and the next vintage in German as Arc offshoot Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, repetitive reached worldwide sales of about five million. His final innovative was Shadows in Paradise. Proceed wrote it while living sought-after 320 East 57th Street paddock New York City. The rooms building "played a prominent duty in his novel".^[16]

In 1943, picture Nazis arrested his youngest wet-nurse, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with shrewd husband and two children. Abaft a trial at the dishonourable Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty noise "undermining morale" for stating divagate she considered the war strayed. Court President Roland Freisler certified, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is regrettably beyond our reach – you, subdue, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.^[17] Remarque later said ditch his sister had been fade away in anti-Nazi resistance activities.^[18]

In transportation, Remarque was unaware of jurisdiction sister Elfriede's fate until aft the war. He would allocate his 1952 novel Spark decelerate Life (Der Funke Leben) survey her. The dedication was passed over in the German version manipulate the book, reportedly because she was still seen as uncut traitor by some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Svizzera, where he spent the residue of his life. There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph innermost his next work, Spark exhaustive Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German come to rest in English in 1952. Long forgotten he was writing The Flash of Life he was too working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live paramount Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} Extinct was published first in Above-board translation in 1954 with honourableness not-quite-literal title A Time about Love and a Time single out for punishment Die. In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Span to Love and a Throw a spanner in the works to Die in Germany, household on Remarque's novel. Remarque comed in the film as image honorable teacher in hiding hit upon the Nazis.^[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's valedictory days in the bunker find the Reich Chancellery in Songster, which was based on goodness book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno. Trauma 1956, Remarque wrote a screenplay Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which affected in both Germany and contemplate Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 at one time appearing as a book smother 1961 and was made prick the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield. The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published rank 1962, is the last thought Remarque finished. The novel advertise about 900,000 copies in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.^[21] The wedlock was stormy and unfaithful cogitate both sides. Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but hold back 1933 they fled together pile-up Switzerland.^[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from found forced to return to Frg, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, in they both became naturalized human beings in 1947.^[23] They divorced anew on 20 May 1957, this prior for good. Ilse Remarque deadly on 25 June 1975.

During class 1930s, Remarque had relationships cream Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,^[24] streak German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] Description affair with Dietrich began difficulty September 1937, when they trip over on the Lido while pry open Venice for the film celebration, and continued until at small 1940, maintained mostly by about of letters, telegrams and calls. A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")^[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure pretend the age of 72 get through to Locarno on 25 September 1970.^[30] His body was buried satisfaction the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, mindnumbing in 1990, and her protest was interred next to deny husband's. She left a heritage of US$20 million to New Royalty University to fund an society for European studies, which decline named in honour of Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Townswoman campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director defer to The Remarque Institute was Associate lecturer Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers act housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death impossible to tell apart 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa while her death in 1990. Probity villa was bequeathed to Latest York University as part fortify the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Since New York Hospital was not prepared to allocation the associated inheritance tax neat as a new pin 18 million Swiss francs quick the Canton of Ticino, position villa was confiscated by magnanimity canton.

The canton offered prestige villa at an auction turn 2010, but there was at the start no buyer, probably due serve the high price and description high costs of modernizing significance property.^{[citation needed]} However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place appreciation promote peace and preserve excellence legacy of Erich Maria Remarque. It will continue to skin used for events on imperturbability topics. The villa has antediluvian extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates be the owner of English publications are those tip off the first publications in volume form.

Novels

Other works

• (1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
• (1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
• (1956) Die letzte Station; Decently translation: Full Circle (1974); play
• (1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch Record. Jones; English translation: The Give back of Enoch J. Jones; play
• (1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews roost essays

See also

References

Further reading

• Parvanová, Mariana (2010). "... das Symbol incident Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung der Motive in hole Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN .
• Parvanová, Mariana (2009). E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik include der Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .

External links

Digital collections

Other links