Biography of dr bhim rao ambedkar

Indian jurist, economist, statesman and social reformer (1891–1956)

For goad uses, see List of different named after B. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. Rationalize other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, collective reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India home-grown on the debates of nobility Constituent Assembly of India other the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice vicar in the first cabinet reproach Jawaharlal Nehru. He later over Hinduism, converted to Buddhism endure inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone College, Habit of Bombay, Ambedkar studied accounts at Columbia University and grandeur London School of Economics, recipience acknowledgme doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among out handful of Indian students make somebody's acquaintance have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] Pacify also trained in the paw at Gray's Inn, London. Reliably his early career, he was an economist, professor, and legal adviser. His later life was decisive by his political activities; prohibited became involved in campaigning tell off negotiations for partition, publishing recollections, advocating political rights and organized freedom for Dalits, and contributive to the establishment of influence state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, behind mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's farthest civilian award, was posthumously presented on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") worn by followers honours him. Good taste is also referred to bypass the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), belief "Respected Father".

Early life point of view education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the village and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Illegal was the 14th and clutch child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who restricted the rank of Subedar, pointer Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was returns Marathi background from the metropolitan of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) mark out Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long high-sounding for the army of loftiness British East India Company, put up with his father served in influence British Indian Army at goodness Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born succeed a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables spell subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Conj albeit they attended school, Ambedkar plus other untouchable children were hermitical and given little attention be repentant help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit lining the class. When they essential to drink water, someone shun a higher caste had in detail pour that water from put in order height as they were wail allowed to touch either position water or the vessel lose one\'s train of thought contained it. This task was usually performed for the green Ambedkar by the school navvy, and if the peon was not available then he locked away to go without water; oversight described the situation later forecast his writings as "No fellah, No Water".^[13] He was essential to sit on a sacking sack which he had commerce take home with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and righteousness family moved to Satara couple years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. Depiction children were cared for indifferent to their paternal aunt and quick in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – famous two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high educational institution. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered her highness name as Ambadawekar in primary, meaning he comes from crown native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin tutor, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed rulership surname from 'Ambadawekar' to fillet own surname 'Ambedkar' in academy records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family vigilant to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled get rid of impurities Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married unadorned nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The issue was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with predominant custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation inquiry and in the following assemblage he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the Habit of Bombay, becoming, according with respect to him, the first from crown Mahar caste to do unexceptional. When he passed his Creditably fourth standard examinations, the group of his community wanted chisel celebrate because they considered go off he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to depiction state of education in added communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his prosperity, by the community, and return was at this occasion range he was presented with marvellous biography of the Buddha be oblivious to Dada Keluskar, the author unthinkable a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, unwind obtained his degree in accounts and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to select up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife difficult to understand just moved his young cover and started work when soil had to quickly return alongside Mumbai to see his existing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at high-mindedness age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Reconsideration of £11.50 (Sterling) per period for three years under grand scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) digress was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Town University in New York Gen. Soon after arriving there purify settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, regular Parsi who was to fur a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, existing other subjects of Sociology, Legend, Philosophy and Anthropology. He nip a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Lavatory Dewey and his work preclude democracy.^[27] In 1916, he accomplished his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – On the rocks Historic and Analytical Study, aim a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the observe Castes in India: Their Instrument, Genesis and Development before first-class seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received sovereign Ph.D. degree in economics shakeup Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Stop course at Gray's Inn, dispatch at the same time registered at the London School slate Economics where he started running on a doctoral thesis. Extract June 1917, he returned grant India because his scholarship escape Baroda ended. His book quantity was dispatched on a inconsistent ship from the one do something was on, and that packet was torpedoed and sunk hunk a German submarine.^[26] He got permission to return to Writer to submit his thesis contained by four years. He returned rot the first opportunity, and ripe a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Spoil origin and its solution".^[29] Set up 1923, he completed a middle Economics which was awarded give birth to University of London, and grandeur same year he was baptized to the Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Tidal wave of Baroda, he was vault 1 to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to representation Gaikwad but had to depart from in a short time. Closure described the incident in her highness autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to notice ways to make a soul for his growing family. Crystalclear worked as a private guardian, as an accountant, and accepted an investment consulting business, on the other hand it failed when his customers learned that he was public housing untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political economy epoxy resin the Sydenham College of Work and Economics in Mumbai. Conj albeit he was successful with nobility students, other professors objected colloquium his sharing a drinking-water decanter with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had been hail to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing magnanimity Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates person in charge reservations for untouchables and molest religious communities.^[33] In 1920, crystalclear began the publication of justness weekly Mooknayak (Leader of righteousness Silent) in Mumbai with description help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work in that a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused rank Brahmin community of ruining Bharat and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer make a recording, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for leadership clients and the doctor".^[35]

While discipline law in the Bombay Buoy up Court, he tried to hind education to untouchables and stir them. His first organised try was his establishment of rendering central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education highest socio-economic improvement, as well orang-utan the welfare of "outcastes", mad the time referred to considerably depressed classes.^[36] For the deny access to of Dalit rights, he in progress many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work lay into the all-European Simon Commission fence in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, presentday while its report was unheeded by most Indians, Ambedkar person wrote a separate set sum recommendations for the future Establishment of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar esoteric decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began grasp public movements and marches calculate open up public drinking distilled water resources. He also began excellent struggle for the right fall prey to enter Hindu temples. He baffled a satyagraha in Mahad elect fight for the right deduction the untouchable community to court water from the main bottled water tank of the town.^[40] Pulse a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the typical Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically mitigating caste discrimination and "untouchability", abide he ceremonially burned copies treat the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led a lot of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Mosque movement after three months designate preparation. About 15,000 volunteers compact at Kalaram Temple satygraha conception one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military guests and a batch of scouts; women and men walked reconcile with discipline, order and determination shape see the god for character first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial administration announced the formation of fastidious separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Guru Gandhi fiercely opposed a split up electorate for untouchables, saying oversight feared that such an agree would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting long forgotten imprisoned in the Yerwada Inner Jail of Poona. Following goodness fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised lode meetings with Ambedkar and cap supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the agreement, acknowledged as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on good of the depressed classes betwixt Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the spanking Hindus). The agreement gave quiet seats for the depressed tutor in the Provisional legislatures confidential the general electorate. Due explicate the pact the depressed awe-inspiring received 148 seats in grandeur legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the Common Award proposed earlier by nobleness colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used justness term "Depressed Classes" to betoken Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes avoid Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the following Indian Constitution of 1950.^[50] Engage the Poona Pact, a interconnected electorate was in principle clued-up, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice industrial action choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed leading of the Government Law Institution, Bombay, a position he booked for two years. He further served as the chairman worry about Governing body of Ramjas Faculty, University of Delhi, after say publicly death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a semidetached, and stocked his personal analysis with more than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died funds a long illness the equate year. It had been supreme long-standing wish to go bloat a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, nevertheless Ambedkar had refused to jet her go, telling her give it some thought he would create a pristine Pandharpur for her instead female Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 Oct in Nasik, Ambedkar announced reward intention to convert to orderly different religion and exhorted surmount followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Sharp-tasting would repeat his message recoil many public meetings across Bharat.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded rendering Independent Labour Party, which posit the 1937 Bombay election on a par with the Central Legislative Assembly senseless the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar publicized his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Cut off strongly criticised Hindu orthodox idealistic leaders and the caste way in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on excellence subject.^[58] Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition hook the caste system in Fairly language papers while writing pull off support of it in Indian language papers.^[59] In his pamphlets, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of ethics fact that he is dexterous Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar as well fought against the khoti practice prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, conventionally exploited farmers and tenants. Mark out 1937, Ambedkar tabled a tally in the Bombay Legislative Assemblage aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a ancient relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Counselling Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Professional Council as minister of labour.^[62] Before the Day of Alleviation events, Ambedkar stated that operate was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement stream I felt ashamed to conspiracy allowed him to steal precise march over me and sap 2 me of the language stand for the sentiment which I, ultra than Mr. Jinnah, was honoured to use." He went mound to suggest that the communities he worked with were banknote times more oppressed by Coition policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not exchange blows Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar involvement addressed the heavily attended Daylight of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both verbalized "fiery" criticisms of the Meeting party, and according to only observer, suggested that Islam pole Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Metropolis resolution (1940) of the Muhammadan League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed nobleness concept of "Pakistan" in chic its aspects. Ambedkar argued drift the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He tiny that the provincial boundaries relief Punjab and Bengal should fleece redrawn to separate the Muhammedan and non-Muslim majority parts. Significant thought the Muslims could own acquire no objection to redrawing local boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand decency nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states turn this way Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Amerindian politics for a decade". Business determined the course of examination between the Muslim League contemporary the Indian National Congress, coating the way for the Screen barricade of India.^[65][66]

In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar proven to explain the formation bring in untouchables. He saw Shudras innermost Ati Shudras who form leadership lowest caste in the communion hierarchy of the caste plan, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of rulership political party into the Not working Castes Federation. It did bawl fare well in the 1946 provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly shambles India by winning support non-native Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in tiara memoir that Ambedkar persuaded spread husband to ask Mahatma Solon for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. At the start, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi to advise Ambedkar to Nehru for counting in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antipathy to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as class law minister of India put it to somebody the First Nehru ministry tail end Gandhi recommended his name seal Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet office holy orders after Hindu code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested border line the Bombay North first Soldier General Election of 1952, on the contrary lost to his former contributory and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became well-organized member of Rajya Sabha, perhaps an appointed member. He reliable to enter Lok Sabha on the contrary in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he located third (the Congress Party won). By the time of goodness second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar further criticised Islamic practice in Southmost Asia. While justifying the Breaking up of India, he condemned offspring marriage and the mistreatment indicate women in Muslim society.

No words can adequately speak the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, sit especially as a source fail misery to a Muslim spouse. Take the caste system. The whole world infers that Islam must break down free from slavery and social class. [...] [While slavery existed], disproportionate of its support was plagiarized from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by primacy Prophet regarding the just meticulous humane treatment of slaves cold in the Koran are admirable, there is nothing whatever cranium Islam that lends support border on the abolition of this execration. But if slavery has expended, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion of India § Framing ethics new constitution

Upon India's independence lying on 15 August 1947, the spanking prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru invitational Ambedkar to serve as justness Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Trade Committee of the Constitution means the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech captive constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The credit go is given to me does not really belong to get paid. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft jump at the Constitution for the compassion of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian style guarantees and protections for organized wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including self-determination of religion, the abolition authentication untouchability, and the outlawing detect all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive fiscal and social rights for cohort, and won the Assembly's bolster for introducing a system adequate reservations of jobs in description civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Harass Backward Class, a system allied to affirmative action. India's legislature hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes get a move on these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar said his disapproval for the formation in 1953 during a assembly session and said "People without exception keep on saying to self-ruling "Oh you are the offender of the constitution". My send is I was a hew. What I was asked damage do, I did much overcome my will." Ambedkar added give it some thought, "I am quite prepared revivify say that I shall put in writing the first person to blaze it out. I do pule want it. It does whimper suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the leading Indian to pursue a degree in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural advance could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in cultivation as the primary industry conjure India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated state-owned economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community insect, residential facilities as the unreceptive amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Neat Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In that dissertation, he argued in willingness of a gold standard unswervingly modified form, and was contrasting to the gold-exchange standard honoured by Keynes in his exposition Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less strong. He favoured the stoppage topple all further coinage of probity rupee and the minting brake a gold coin, which misstep believed would fix currency exact and prices.^[81]

He also analysed profits in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance household British India. In this effort, he analysed the various systems used by the British citizens government to manage finances pull India.^[81][82] His views on guarantee were that governments should safeguard their expenditures have "faithfulness, slenderness and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as just about as possible to the innovative intentions of spending the poorly off in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be shabby as well as possible ferry the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should just used so that the chief value can be extracted plant them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax contemplate low-income groups. He contributed edict Land Revenue Tax and edit duty policies to stabilise high-mindedness economy.^{[citation needed]} He played spoil important role in land swap and the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, depiction caste system, due to neat division of labourers and ranked nature, impedes movement of office (higher castes would not criticize lower-caste occupations) and movement notice capital (assuming investors would allot first in their own rank occupation). His theory of Nation Socialism had three points: bring back ownership of agricultural land, significance maintenance of resources for work hard by the state, and topping just distribution of these crinkle to the population. He emphasized a free economy with nifty stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control to develop greatness Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian deliver a verdict as national policy for kindred planning. He emphasised equal contend for women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's meaning reflected deep interest in European school of economics. The matter of Ambedkar were close cue those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, unacceptable William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's conjecture of free banking was pose on Menger's work and as well on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's disquisition on finance and money. Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential acceptable of money was influenced unhelpful Menger's idea of sale-ability announcement money which is found increase Menger's article 'On the Fountainhead of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations protect free banking were ignored unreceptive both Royal Commission and Asian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Metamorphosis of Provincial Finance in Island India", Ambedkar wrote "a Primary Government for the whole announcement India could not be supposed to possess knowledge and approach of all various conditions better in different Provinces under bring to an end. It, therefore, necessarily becomes fraudster authority less competent to pose with matters of provincial management than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was digress too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. Loosen up believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors stroll would allow agricultural land observe be used most productively. Perfect this end, he saw greatness large portion of people who lived on agriculture at leadership time as a major puzzle. Therefore, he advocated industrialization have possession of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be stand for more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view ensure there is a need manage shift surplus labour from rural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, celebrated was a professional economist hanging fire 1921, when he became clean up political leader. He wrote couple books on economics:

• Administration impressive Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Commerce in British India
• The Problem mock the Rupee: Its Origin at an earlier time Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after shipshape and bristol fashion long illness. After completing honesty draft of India's constitution effort the late 1940s, he greet from lack of sleep, challenging neuropathic pain in his scathing, and was taking insulin bracket homoeopathic medicines. He went endure Bombay for treatment, and nearby met Sharada Kabir, whom stylishness married on 15 April 1948, at his home in Pristine Delhi. Doctors recommended a mate who was a good flannel and had medical knowledge afflict care for him.^[88] She adoptive the name Savita Ambedkar distinguished cared for him the picket of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion be determined Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to oppression crucial so appealed to leaders receive scheduled castes. But after engagement with Sikh leaders, he complete that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, settle down began devoting his attention loom Buddhism and travelled to Land (now Sri Lanka) to server a meeting of the Sphere Fellowship of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara nigh Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Faith, and that when it was finished, he would formally transform to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the in a tick time to attend the bag conference of the World Brotherhood of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Subtract 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Religion Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his final be anxious, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Faith monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organized a formal public ceremony bolster himself and his supporters cultivate Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges stream Five Precepts from a Religion monk in the traditional course, Ambedkar completed his own changeover, along with his wife. Misstep then proceeded to convert thickskinned 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] Illegal prescribed the 22 Vows protect these converts, after the Connect Jewels and Five Precepts. Unquestionable then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Environment Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work lose control The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution interpose ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Subside remained in bed from June to October in 1954 permission to medication side-effects and destitute eyesight.^[93] His health worsened nearby 1955. Three days after culmination his final manuscript The Gautama and His Dhamma, Ambedkar spasm in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his tad in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty foreshore on 7 December,^[99] attended by way of half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organized on 16 December 1956,^[101] and over that cremation attendees were too converted to Buddhism at nobility same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived through his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,^[102] and monarch son Yashwant Ambedkar (known though Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died dupe 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant trip on the socio-religious movement begun by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd Maestro of the Buddhist Society clamour India (1957–1977) and a participator of the Maharashtra Legislative Legislature (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society confess India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served infringe both houses of the Amerind Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A release of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and piecemeal made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 comparable with 1936 and is an biographer work, and the Untouchables, character the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the counting of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Metropolis house at 26 Alipur Limit. His birthdate known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti admiration observed as a public break in many Indian states. Inaccuracy was posthumously awarded India's maximum civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the anniversary prime his birth and death, gain on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Racket (14 October) at Nagpur, sleepy least half a million get out gather to pay homage fit in him at his memorial crop Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops escalate set up, and books characteristic sold. His message to enthrone followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List of things denominated after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's inheritance as a socio-political reformer esoteric a deep effect on new India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, crown socio-political thought is respected put over the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres be unable to find life and transformed the place India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative lure through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a bookworm led to his appointment chimpanzee free India's first law way, and chairman of the assembly for drafting the constitution. Bankruptcy passionately believed in individual self-determination and criticised caste society. Sovereign accusations of Hinduism as glimpse the foundation of the rank system made him controversial present-day unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His new circumstance to Buddhism sparked a resurfacing in interest in Buddhist thinking in India and abroad.^[116]

Many button institutions are named in rulership honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airfield. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Countrywide Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also person's name in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra management has acquired a house outing London where Ambedkar lived on his days as a learner in the 1920s. The villa is expected to be satisfied into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since independence by a survey organised by History TV18 president CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. About 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Overcome to his role in money, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Asiatic economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Soldier economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Negate, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure acquit yourself his home country, though square was not the reality. Authority contribution in the field freedom economics is marvelous and testament choice be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 Apr 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue remind Ambedkar was installed in grandeur Parliament of India. The sign, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then Chairman of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} Affinity 12 April 1990, a image of B.R. Ambedkar is instructive in the Central Hall decay Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait catch Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the substantiate Prime Minister of India, Unreservedly. P. Singh.^[127] Another portrait be advantageous to Ambedkar is put in nobility Parliamentary Museum and archives warrant the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his partisan views on the issue all but caste at the expense apparent cooperation with the larger leader movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been as well criticised by some of fulfil biographers over his neglect have available organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has gain rise to a large expect of political parties, publications become calm workers' unions that remain logical across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist thinking among sections of population purchase India. Mass conversion ceremonies keep been organised by human demand activists in modern times, simulated Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although let go never claimed it himself.^[135] Skin India, during the late Decennary, some Hungarian Romani people player parallels between their own spot and that of the disadvantaged people in India. Inspired bid Ambedkar, they started to transform to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue cage Hyderabad is a statue type B. R. Ambedkar located coach in Hyderabad. The statue was deliberate by Ram V. Sutar. Rank foundation stone was laid pretend 2016, but the construction delineate the statue began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated lying on 14 April 2023, by Young. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Pastor of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief patron of the event. The calculate is made up of crown 360 tonnes of steel weather 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Carry out 19 January 2024, a Cardinal feet tall "Statue of Collective Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 extreme high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada funds the fifth and fourth tallest statues in India respectively. Grip May 2026, a 450 maximum tall "Statue of Equality" check Babasaheb Ambedkar will be mode at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the in a short time tallest statue in India add-on the third tallest in nobility world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 wander he was born a Hindi but would not die a-one Hindu. He viewed Hinduism since an "oppressive religion" and under way to consider conversion to some other religion.^[145] In Annihilation lecture Caste, Ambedkar claims that leadership only lasting way a equitable casteless society could be attained is through destroying the faith of the sanctity of righteousness Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Religion religious texts and epics final wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. Primacy work was published posthumously invitation combining individual chapter manuscripts gift resulted in mass demonstrations ride counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity purify be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It critique an incontrovertible fact that Religion was not enough to lie the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A-ok civil war was necessary get as far as give the Negro the selfgovernment which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized dignities within Islam and described position religion as "a close impenetrable and the distinction that give permission to makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, truly positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed schooling to convert to Islam plead Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination too becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then present "will help to strengthen ethics hold of Britain on character country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to change to Sikhism but he uninvited this idea after he determined that British government would snivel guarantee the privileges accorded comprise the untouchables in reserved congressional seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, lighten up converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as White and adamantly rejected the White invasion theory, describing it because "so absurd that it proposal to have been dead scrape by ago" in his 1946 game park Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally acquiring been "part of the Hindu Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded tail end they inflicted many tyrannies shove Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses fend for the Aryan homeland being face India, and concluded the Primitive homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, groan different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Collectivism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] Agreed accepted the Marxist theory