Hardwicke rawnsley biography of martin garrix

Anglican priest, poet, local member of parliament and conservationist

Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley (29 September 1851 – 28 Could 1920) was an Anglican churchman, poet, local politician and reformer. He became nationally and internationally known as one of influence three founders of the Governmental Trust for Places of Conventional Interest or Natural Beauty be bounded by the 1890s.

Rawnsley was descended from a line of Creed of England vicars, and later briefly considering medicine as grand career he graduated from Town and took holy orders. Row the mid-1870s he worked extra the urban poor in Author and Bristol, before being adapted in 1877 to a upcountry artless parish in Westmorland in blue blood the gentry English Lake District. He before long became a vigorous activist scope the campaign to preserve honourableness region from excessive industrial transaction.

In 1883 Rawnsley was qualified Vicar of Crosthwaite, Cumberland, increase by two the north of the Tank accumulation District. He remained in position post for 34 years, sycophantic known locally and nationally goods his energetic efforts to loudening life for working people. Settle down and his wife Edith supported the Keswick School of Industrialised Art, and he led campaigns to make access to character countryside available for everyone. Terminal that protests and legislation were not enough to protect character environment, he joined Robert Huntswoman and Octavia Hill in 1893 to found the National Belief to own land on justness public's behalf. It grew disapprove of become one of Britain's wealthiest and most important landowners, retentive land and buildings in hand over for the people of Kingdom.

Rawnsley was a prolific scribbler, publishing more than 40 books, including verse, sermons, historical studies, travel accounts and biographies. Significant retired in 1917 and insincere to the village of Grasmere, in the southern Lake Part, where he died in 1920, aged 68.

Life and career

Early years

Hardwicke Rawnsley – known entertain his family and intimates monkey "Hardie"^[1] – was born reduced the rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire grouping 29 September 1851.^[2] He was the second son and rooms of the ten children think likely the Rev Robert Drummond Burrell Rawnsley (1817–1882) and his bride, Catherine Ann, née Franklin (1818–1892).^{[3][n 1]} In 1862 Drummond Rawnsley accepted the post of commissioner of Halton Holegate in birth fen district of Lincolnshire.^[2] According to Hardwicke Rawnsley's biographer Vivian Griffiths, "Observing the wildlife be proper of the Fens, the construction submit the Holbeach-to-Spilsby railway and respecting the navvies building embankments were to be formative influences".

Later in 1862, aged eleven, Rawnsley enrolled at Uppingham School, spin his godfather, Edward Thring, was headmaster.^{[9][n 2]} Thring became copperplate major influence on him: Rawnsley excelled at athletics and athletics, but Thring encouraged his cosmetic side, particularly his budding endowments as a poet.^[11] The recorder George Bott writes:

His maturity as a pupil of Prince Thring imbued him with significance ideas and ideals of desert great headmaster: chivalrous unselfishness, candour and service, absolute devotion traverse truth, sympathy for the inadequate fortunate, strict Christian principles.^[12]

In 1869, Thring introduced Rawnsley to decency Lake District, staying in Grasmere village, where William Wordsworth difficult lived. Rawnsley quickly came with respect to share the enthusiasm shown near Wordsworth and others for influence Lake District landscape.^[13]

In 1870, Rawnsley went up to Balliol Institute, Oxford, initially reading classics on the contrary switching after two years consent natural sciences, with the target of becoming a medical practitioner.^[14][15] He was at first mar exuberant undergraduate, prominent in competition and rowing, and not emphatically conscientious about his studies.^[15] Top outlook became more serious beneath the influence of the pay back critic and social campaigner Closet Ruskin. Rawnsley was one deadly a group of undergraduate volunteers – others were Oscar Author and Arnold Toynbee – who undertook manual labour under Ruskin's direction to improve the method and drainage between Oxford captivated the village of Hinksey.^[16] Depiction project foundered after two months when Ruskin left for Venezia, but for Rawnsley it was, in Griffiths's words, "life-changing, queen social conscience awakened".^[15] He began to think that the Creed rather than medicine was realm vocation.^[15] In 1874 he continuous with a third class consequence in natural sciences and interpretation following year was awarded consummate Master of Arts degree.^[17]

London coupled with Bristol

After leaving Oxford, Rawnsley went to work among the municipal poor in London.^[18] He was appointed lay-chaplain to the Metropolis Market Refuge, a hostel pine the destitute, in the flock of St Mary's, Soho, change insalubrious part of London common for prostitution and poverty.^[19] Ruskin introduced him to Octavia Stack bank, the pioneer of social accommodation, and Rawnsley added to ruler workload the role of rent-collector for Hill's colleague Emma Cons.^{[19][n 3]} Under the strain tactic his various activities he desirable a nervous breakdown.^[19] At Hill's suggestion he went to dignity Lake District to recuperate, regional first with his cousins dress warmly Wray Castle, Westmorland, and accordingly with Thring at Grasmere at an earlier time finally with Hill's friends greatness Fletcher family at their villa near Ambleside.^[21] The eldest female child of his host and publican was Edith Fletcher (1846–1916); she and Rawnsley were mutually intent, with shared interests in divide into four parts, literature and nature.^[22]

In December 1875, Rawnsley, his health restored, was ordained deacon.^[23] On Thring's warning he was appointed to honourableness new post of chaplain stick to the Clifton College mission, priest to one of Bristol's lowest areas.^[24] At first there was no building in which putting into play could be held, but Rawnsley secured a disused factory mill and converted it into copperplate chapel.^[25] The ecclesiastical authorities change that he went too distance off in his efforts to appeal to young locals, not confining personally to religious services but organising a temperance club, regular acreage matches and weekend country walks. He campaigned to save primacy disused 14th-century St Werburgh's Creed from demolition.^[24] It was vacuous down stone by stone extra re-erected on a new site.^[26] His enthusiasms did not win him to the conservative degrees of the Bristol church, however when he left his advertise in 1877 he was throb with a testimonial to king work by the mayor leading other leading citizens.^[27]

Vicar of Wray

In 1877 Rawnsley and Edith Playwright became engaged to be mated and he began making disposition for their life together.^[28] Fulfil cousin Edward Rawnsley's estate funny story Wray Castle contained a community church, St Margaret of Antakya, Low Wray. The post racket vicar there became vacant other Edward offered it to Rawnsley,^[28] who was ordained priest flimsy Carlisle Cathedral on 23 Dec 1877 and took up honourableness appointment at Wray.^[29]

Rawnsley and Edith were married in the Fletchers' local church at Brathay underside January 1878, in a arbitrate conducted by Drummond Rawnsley.^[30] Rendering couple's only child, Noel, was born at Wray in Dec 1880.^[31] According to the annalist Graham Murphy, "because of culminate parents' numerous activities and adore of travel [Noel] suffered adroit somewhat solitary childhood".^[32]

By this repulse, Ruskin had made his sunny in the Lake District; in that 1873 he had lived benefit from Brantwood on the shore motionless Coniston Water, 22 miles newcomer disabuse of Wray.^[33] He had already anachronistic involved in a conservation get-up-and-go, unsuccessfully opposing the damming possession Thirlmere to create a source for the city of Metropolis, nearly 100 miles away.^{[34][n 4]} Rawnsley visited Ruskin frequently, swallow in 1880 they discussed "how to add happiness to distinction country labourer's lot".^[36] The figure agreed that "idle hands be obliged have something found for them to do by other leave speechless the Devil … We blight bring joy, the joy assault eye and hand-skill to go in front cottage homes".^[37] Ruskin suggested tisane the old craft of hand-spinning and weaving wool; Rawnsley, in view of this infeasible, opted for thicket carving.^[38] He recorded that "a lady was engaged to build down from South Kensington go to see give a course of inculcate in the three villages,^{[n 5]} and our humble home manufacture in the lake district was set on foot."^[39] Instruction likewise included techniques for metal repoussé, taught by the Swiss wine steward from Edith Rawnsley's family home.^[40]

The young Beatrix Potter holidayed squabble Wray Castle with her parents in 1882. They met Rawnsley, who became a firm chum, particularly of Beatrix. His views on preserving the natural spirit of the Lake District confidential a lasting effect on waste away. He was the first accessible author she had met, abide he took a great affliction in her drawings, supporting an alternative in her determination to control them taken seriously and late encouraging her to publish cast-off first book, The Tale fair-haired Peter Rabbit.^[41] They remained reveal for the rest of Rawnsley's lifetime, and Noel Rawnsley wellkept in his later years meander Potter had been the be located love of his father's life.^[42]

Campaigning against railway development

In 1883 conforming approval was given for uncluttered scheme to build a policy line through the Newlands Ravine to carry slate from quarries;^[32][43] the valley was, and court case, regarded as one of greatness most beautiful and tranquil pull the Lake District.^{[44][n 6]} Uncomplicated rival scheme was proposed, admonition run between Ennerdale Water put up with the coast.^[47] Rawnsley spearheaded spruce campaign to stop both. Ruskin gave his support, although subsequently the failure of his Thirlmere campaign he was not hardy about the outcome.^{[43][n 7]} Rawnsley held meetings, lobbied assiduously current wrote prolifically to legislators bracket newspapers. In a letter tell apart The Standard he said:

Each year these public grounds supporting recreation and health are careful and invaded by private insatiableness, miscalled enterprise. When will speculation public spirit awake, and suspend the best interests of fraudulence age, and the generations confiscate busy England yet unborn, intent and claim State protection invoice a matter that concerns blue blood the gentry State only?^[49]

Rawnsley founded the Derwentwater and Borrowdale Defence Committee presentday enlisted the support of high-mindedness Commons Preservation Society and character Kyrle Society, two established conflict conservation organisations headed by prominent figures including Octavia and Miranda Hill, George Shaw Lefevre, Book Bryce and Robert Hunter.^[47] Nobleness public paid heed, and protests became so widespread and tolerable strong that the schemes were dropped. Griffiths writes that even supposing by no means solely reliable for the successful outcome recognize the campaign, Rawnsley "became well-ordered local and national hero bordering on overnight, and a new acquaintance of landscape preservation came have a high opinion of the fore".^[43]

The success of integrity campaign led to the through of the Lake District Husk Society (later to become Honourableness Friends of the Lake District). Rawnsley proposed the foundation support the organisation at a assignation of the Wordsworth Society suspend 1883. He maintained that portend the sake of Wordsworth's intellectual heritage it was necessary get stuck protect the landscape that esoteric inspired him.^[50] The stated cut short of the society was "to protect the Lake District steer clear of those injurious encroachments upon corruption scenery which are from disgust to time attempted from solely commercial or speculative motives, beyond regard to its claim introduction a national recreation ground".^[47] Also Rawnsley, founder-members included Ruskin, Parliamentarian Browning, the Duke of Council and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, shrivel whom Rawnsley had a coat connection.^{[32][n 8]} As well kind saving the landscape from indurate development, Rawnsley and his colleagues aimed to protect rights indicate way and the use oppress common land.^[50] The new population gained support not only amid local people but throughout Kingdom, including the cities; there was support from outside Britain, very from the United States.^[50]

Vicar admit Crosthwaite

During the time the Repository District Defence Society was heart formed, the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, offered Rawnsley description post of vicar of Cutrate Kentigern's Church, Crosthwaite and arcadian dean of Keswick.^[3] Goodwin aforesaid, "In my opinion the publicize which I offer you enquiry as near Heaven as anything in this world can be".^[52] Rawnsley took up the time in July 1883.^[53]

By contrast be introduced to the tiny parish of Wray, which had a population embodiment about 100, Crosthwaite was calm, with not only St Kentigern's but five outlying churches slice the surrounding countryside.^[54] The flock was founded in the ordinal century, and there was unnecessary to appeal to Rawnsley's complex of history.^[55] He revived depiction traditional symbols of St Kentigern – a robin, a spy, a bell and a river with a ring in sheltered mouth – incorporating them be glad about the mosaic floor of excellence church.^{[56][n 9]} He threw man vigorously into parish life, "friend to both landowner and seaman, tourist and local" in Griffiths's words.^[54] At the same day he continued to campaign telltale sign a large number of municipal issues, not only supporting subsistence but opposing such practices gorilla vivisection, rabbit coursing, the faulty trapping of animals, and what he called "murderous millinery" – the killing of birds acquiescent use their feathers in hats.^[59] "If there was a chamber, he was on it; dialect trig church fete, he was rent it", commented Griffiths.^[60] One emulate his parishioners called him "the most active volcano in Europe".^[61] Both Murphy and Griffiths sum that his reforming zeal from time to time made him "intolerably authoritarian";^[24] rulership gardener referred to him bring in a "peppery old swine".^[62]

In Nov 1884 Rawnsley and his better half began organising classes in metalworking and wood carving. There was considerable unemployment in Keswick stomach the surrounding area, particularly coach in the winter months, and picture Rawnsleys aimed to provide valiant and satisfying work. Rawnsley was mindful of advice given cause somebody to him by William Morris:

We must get the worker in close proximity to delight in the use clench his own hands and subsequently to express his own abnormal desire for a thing cancel be shapely and harmonious envisage colours.^[63]

The classes, for lower ranks only, were held in decency parish rooms near the middle of the town, under rectitude supervision of Edith Rawnsley, aided by a local designer presentday another professional from the Southmost Kensington School of Design.^[64] That led to the establishment detect the Keswick School of Industrialised Art. It flourished and with dispatch gained a reputation for first-rate copper and silver decorative metalworking. By 1888 nearly seventy private soldiers were attending the classes.^[64] Spawn 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes.^[65] Disapproval accommodate the increased numbers senior students Rawnsley raised funds miserly a purpose-built home for honesty school, adjacent to the Outpouring Greta. It opened in 1894 and in 1898 a full-time head, Harold Stabler, was cut out for, succeeded in 1900 by Musician Maryon.^[66] The school was generally financed from sales of closefitting products, and continued in respectful until 1984.^[67] For the column of Keswick and the partition the Rawnsleys introduced spinning tube weaving classes, led by Marion Twelves, a protégée of Ruskin.^[64] Rawnsley was proud that during the time that Ruskin died in 1900, depiction pall for the coffin was handspun and handwoven in Keswick under Twelves's direction.^[68]

In 1887 Rawnsley revived the moribund Keswick cranium District Footpath Preservation Society, check on the principal aim of stop landowners blocking public rights objection way across their land. Excellence owner of Fawe Park, Portinscale, had done so between authority Derwentwater shore and the slopes of Catbells. When persuasion bed ruined, Rawnsley led hundreds of demonstrators to demolish the barriers.^[69] Bott comments that this dispute hotblooded local passions, but that authority next confrontation between Rawnsley unacceptable local landowners earned national headlines.^[70] The owner of Latrigg, unembellished fell overlooking Keswick, attempted guideline block access along two paths and challenged the objectors be introduced to trespass, with a view watch over bringing a test case welloff court. The barriers were lacerated down and more than 2,000 people marched to the Latrigg summit. The case came condemnation trial and a compromise was reached: one path remained bygone but the other was constituted as an inalienable public institution of way.^[71]

In addition to culminate post at Crosthwaite, Rawnsley was appointed as an honorary rule of Carlisle Cathedral in 1891.^[3] Within his parish, his corporate in education led him with respect to take a large part inlet founding Keswick High School, freshen of the first co-educationalsecondary schools in the country, which unlock in October 1898.^[32] He was chairman of the school's diet of governors, and Cumberland's leader of education described him chimpanzee "the real founder of dignity Keswick High School".^[72] To Rawnsley, education was not merely let somebody see the basic "three Rs"; set in train had to also incorporate polish, art, awareness of nature dowel responsibility to all living things.^[73]

County Councillor

Of the three people who later founded the National Confidence, Rawnsley was the only suggestion who associated himself even irresponsibly with a party political bias. Robert Hunter, as a mannerly servant, was not permitted nurse do so and Octavia Structure was wary of governments promote parties in general.^[74] There were two main British parties damage the time: the Conservatives, freaky as defending the interests lay out the landed aristocracy,^[75] and primacy Liberals, generally more sympathetic pause ideas about environmental protection prep added to public access to the countryside.^[76] When English local government was reorganised in the late Decennary Rawnsley stood as an irrelevant Liberal for the newly familiar Cumberland County Council in Jan 1889. He was elected pass for the member for Keswick.^{[n 10]}

Rawnsley became chairman of the council's Highways Committee.^[78] He stood dirt free against the construction of road and rail network over lakeland passes, secured dashboard over mining pollution, and promoted adequate signposting of footpaths.^[32] Monkey a councillor he was ceaselessly at odds with the coming industry. He hated drunkenness, submit opposed what he saw laugh excessive numbers of public housing and unduly lax alcohol licensing regulations^[79] but he was on no occasion a prohibitionist: after returning munch through a tour of French vineyards he wrote to The Times protesting against Britain's high assessment on the importation of Sculptor wine, which he saw whilst unfair and as contributing end rural poverty in France.^[80]

Ruskin's fire on practical skills was trig lifelong influence on Rawnsley, impressive as a county councillor appease promoted a mobile dairy sanitation unit. Its horse-drawn dairies toured the farms and villages, turning up how to produce butter limit cheese to the highest practices. Griffiths comments that it crowd together only improved life for regional farm workers but also frantic to increased competition against Nordic dairy imports.^[79] This initiative civilized into the Newton Rigg Zone School, near Penrith, which undo in 1896 and (at 2020) continues as Newton Rigg College.^[81] Rawnsley was also instrumental cut founding a sanatorium for t.b. patients on Blencathra, 900 ft (275m) above sea level, where grandeur mountain air was believed grasp be beneficial.^[79][82] His concern target the health of the grouping prompted him to campaign wreck over-processed white bread, encourage integument running and above all attempt to ensure that footpaths were kept open to allow walking.^[83] He lost his seat quick the council in 1895, goodness vote probably tipped by victim to his firm stance strongwilled public houses and alcohol licensing.^[84]

National Trust

By 1890 Rawnsley had become convinced that honesty surest means of protecting disorder for public enjoyment was shed tears lobbying or legislation but ownership.^[86] There had been cases quandary which people wished to order or bequeath property to position public, but there was inept suitable national body that was legally capable of owning it.^[87] In 1884 Hunter had wishedfor "the formation of a collective company" to hold properties "with a view to the confide of the public interest drop the open spaces of nobility country". Hill was in courtesy of the idea but distinction Commons Preservation Society was admit it, fearing that such spiffy tidy up body would compete with restrain for public support; the presentation was allowed to lapse.^[88] Slot in 1893 several important properties decline the Lake District came distribute for sale, and Rawnsley went to London to discuss mount Hunter and Hill how depiction sites might be acquired provision the public. They agreed register revive the proposal of great national trust. An inaugural climax was convened at Grosvenor Do, London, in July 1894; Stalker and Rawnsley were elected chairwoman and secretary respectively.^[89] The Resolute Trust for Places of Celebrated Interest or Natural Beauty officially came into being in Jan 1895.^[90]

Until his death, Rawnsley impressed as honorary secretary to dignity Trust. He was responsible goods the campaign to raise honourableness £6,500 needed to buy Brandlehow Woods and Fell, a 105-acre property, the National Trust's leading purchase in the Lake District.^[91] He was at the front of successful efforts to not pass other properties in Cumberland viewpoint Westmorland: the 750 acre Gowbarrow Fell at Ullswater (1906); a-okay large tract at the rebel end of Derwentwater 1908, counting a wooded knoll given unreceptive the Rawnsleys to mark their 25th year in the limited (1908); extensive holdings in Borrowdale including the Bowder Stone (1910);^[92] and the site of blue blood the gentry Castlerigg stone circle (1913).^[93] Unwind was active elsewhere in grandeur country on the National Trust's behalf. By the time portend his death in 1920 say publicly trust held 994 estates in every nook England and Wales, including Waggoners Wells, Hampshire, acquired in recollection of Hunter and Hydon's Globule, Surrey, in memory of Hill.^[92]

Later years

Rawnsley was a frequent journeyer. He and his wife finished several walking and painting junkets in the Alps, visited decency Holy Land and went swing by Egypt when their son was working there in Sir Explorer Petrie's archaeological team. Rawnsley available accounts of his trips increase in intensity books of poetry inspired near them.^{[n 11]} In 1896 type went to Russia as on the rocks newspaper correspondent to cover rank coronation of Nicholas II, bid three years later he toured the eastern states of illustriousness United States as ambassador keep watch on the National Trust.^[32]

After the incentive of the National Trust, Rawnsley continued to campaign on alternative issues about which he change strongly. He took a prime role in the erection sun-up monuments to Wordsworth (Cockermouth, 1896), Caedmon (Whitby, 1896) and Saint (Monkwearmouth, 1903).^[94] He turned sovereign attention to the cinema, at he was strongly against influence depiction of sex and violence.^[32] His loathing of indecency prolonged to an aversion to flippant seaside postcards.^[19] He encouraged juvenile people not to attend "lurid crime films at kinemas", come first turn instead to wholesome organisations such as the YMCA, Youth Scouts and Girl Guides.^[95]

In 1898 Rawnsley was offered the primacy of Madagascar, but declined break, feeling himself committed to coronet conservation work in the Cork District and, by then, shut in many other parts of nobleness British countryside.^[32] In 1909 illegal was appointed a residentiary ravine of Carlisle Cathedral, and exhausted three months a year living in the Cathedral Close.

A local controversy in 1911 ended national news, when Rawnsley captain Hunter successfully opposed the province council's proposal to demolish nobility medieval Portinscale bridge across glory River Derwent near St Kentigern's and replace it with unadulterated modern structure. Proponents of fastidious new bridge maintained that olden days alone did not justify employment an old structure: it mould, they contended, have "historic associations".^[96] This argument was widely ridiculed and the council backed let fall, outmanoeuvred by Rawnsley, who, band together with the owner of goodness adjacent property, offered to finance the cost of strengthening say publicly old bridge.^{[96][97][n 12]}

In 1912 Rawnsley was appointed to the discretionary position of chaplain to leadership king,^[3] and he held character post of chaplain to greatness Border Regiment of the Militia Force, with the rank pointer colonel.^[99] When the First Pretend War began in 1914 Rawnsley's views were straightforward: "The European envy and hate, which has been nursed against us furtively for the last 30 life-span, is now seen in gratify its open madness. It interest the blackest and most demoniacal thing that has been heard of in history".^[100] He urged the young men of River to fight "for home spell Empire".^[100] Among the volunteers was his son, Noel, who survived the war.^[101] Rawnsley's confidence was shaken as the war went on and the lists drug casualties grew longer and longer.^[101] When the war ended perform was at the forefront commemorate organising the peace celebrations.^[101]

In 1915, with a view to furthest retirement, Rawnsley bought Allan Vault assets, Grasmere, a house in which Wordsworth had lived between 1808 and 1811.^[32] While he was staying at Carlisle in Dec 1916 his wife died draw on Crosthwaite from cardiac arrest cringe on by influenza. Rawnsley, who had also caught influenza, was too ill to attend weaken funeral.^[102] In his absence decency service was led by excellence Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, Campbell West-Watson.^[103]

Rawnsley felt unable to carry fraudulent without Edith's help, and blue blood the gentry week after Easter 1917 bankruptcy resigned from St Kentigern's back end 34 years and retired add up Allan Bank.^[104] He continued coronate work for the National Delegate and remained an active Criterion of Carlisle.^[105] In 1918 stylishness married Eleanor "Nellie" Foster Divorcee, a long-standing friend to him and Edith, who had unpolluted some years been his secretary.^[99] After the marriage the couple's honeymoon consisted of a excursion of National Trust properties pavement Wales, a trip that was the basis of Rawnsley's given name book, a study of xiii of the trust's properties regulate Wales and the West Country.^[106]

Rawnsley suffered a heart attack tube died at Allan Bank study 28 May 1920, after spruce brief illness. He was covert in the churchyard of Cloudy Kentigern's alongside Edith. He inherited Allan Bank to the Safe Trust, with a lifetime perceive to Eleanor, who lived regarding until her death in 1959.^[32]

Legacy

In its obituary notice, The Times wrote that "It is negation exaggeration to say – stomach it is much to state of anyone – that England would be a much duller and less healthy and testing country if [Rawnsley] had fret lived and worked."^[99] To remember him, the National Trust peer funds soon after his termination to buy Friars' Crag, Lord's Island and other land acent Derwentwater. A memorial stone even-handed set in the wall fringe the path from the Keswick landing stages to the bogus of Friars' Crag.^[107] Eleanor Rawnsley wrote a biography of lead husband, published by his routine publisher, MacLehose, in 1923.^[108]

Rawnsley in print more than forty books, passable on religious subjects, many go-slow a Lake District theme, mount, as the Oxford Dictionary game National Biography put it, "as a minor lake poet, calligraphic vast output of verse."^[32] Culminate memoir of Ruskin (1901) was described by The New Dynasty Times as "in many shipway the best volume [of] empress series of books upon trying of the literary aspects run through the Lake Country".^[109]

Books by Rawnsley

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Albritton, Vicky; Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (7 March 2016). Green Victorians: Primacy Simple Life in John Ruskin's Lake District. Chicago: University diagram Chicago Press. ISBN .
• Bott, George (1994). Keswick – The Story submit a Lake District Town. Carlisle: Cumbria County Library. ISBN .
• Cowell, Eminence (2016). "For the Benefit lay into the Nation: Politics and honourableness Early National Trust". In Elizabeth Baigent; Ben Cowell (eds.). Octavia Hill, Social Activism and authority Remaking of British Society. London: University of London, Institute be useful to Historical Research. pp. 295–316. ISBN . JSTOR 4w3whm.21.
• Grant, Susan (2006). The Story female the Newlands Valley. Carlisle: Bookcase. ISBN .
• Griffiths, Vivian (2020). "Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley". The Three Founders have fun the National Trust. London: Pitkin. ISBN .
• Harbour, William (1982). The Framework of Conservative Thought. Notre Chick, Indiana: University of Notre Chick Press. ISBN .
• Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1996). Ancient Man in Britain. London: Senate. ISBN .
• Murphy, Graham (2002). Founders of the National Trust. London: National Trust. ISBN .
• Rawnsley, Eleanor (1923). Canon Rawnsley: An Account detail his Life. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 8213081.
• Rawnsley, Hardwicke (1901). Ruskin and rendering English Lakes. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 1069573733.
• Rice, H. A. L. (1967). Lake Country Portraits. London: Harvill Overcrowding. OCLC 491850880.
• Richardson, Nigel (2014). Thring neat as a new pin Uppingham: Victorian Educator. Buckingham: Founding of Buckingham Press. ISBN .
• Ricks, Christopher (1989). Tennyson (second ed.). Berkeley: Asylum of California Press. ISBN .
• Welsh, Uninhibited (1997). The Companion Guide assign The Lake District. Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Companion Guides. ISBN .

Journals

• Ranlett, John (Winter 1983). "'Checking Nature's Desecration': Late-Victorian Environmental Organization". Victorian Studies. 26 (2): 197–222. JSTOR 3827006.(subscription required)

Further reading

• Allen, Michael; Rawnsley, Rosalind (2023). Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley : an extraordinary life 1851-9120. Essendon: New Beaver Press. ISBN . (Longlisted for the 2024 Lakeland Volume of the Year)

External links