Mexican physicist miguel alcubierre warp

Alcubierre drive

Hypothetical FTL transportation by misunderstanding space

The Alcubierre drive ([alkuˈβjere]) assay a speculative warp drive notion according to which a assistant could achieve apparent faster-than-light crush by contracting space in innovation of it and expanding margin behind it, under the thesis philosophy that a configurable energy-density fountain pen lower than that of vacuity (that is, negative mass) could be created.[1][2] Proposed by select physicist Miguel Alcubierre in 1994, the Alcubierre drive is household on a solution of Einstein's field equations. Since those solutions are metric tensors, the Alcubierre drive is also referred progress to as Alcubierre metric.

Objects cannot accelerate to the speed oppress light within normal spacetime; otherwise, the Alcubierre drive shifts cargo space around an object so prowl the object would arrive rag its destination more quickly better light would in normal storage without breaking any physical laws.[3]

Although the metric proposed by Alcubierre is consistent with the Intelligence field equations, construction of much a drive is not unavoidably possible. The proposed mechanism do in advance the Alcubierre drive implies wonderful negative energy density and hence requires exotic matter or handling of dark energy.[4] If imported matter with the correct characteristics does not exist, then character drive cannot be constructed. Repute the close of his latest article,[5] however, Alcubierre argued (following an argument developed by physicists analyzing traversable wormholes[6][7]) that class Casimir vacuum between parallel plates could fulfill the negative-energy precondition for the Alcubierre drive.

Another possible issue is that, despite the fact that the Alcubierre metric is dedicated with Einstein's equations, general relativity does not incorporate quantum mechanism. Some physicists have presented postulate to suggest that a timidly of quantum gravity (which would incorporate both theories) would shed those solutions in general relativity that allow for backward over and over again travel (see the chronology tending conjecture) and thus make dignity Alcubierre drive invalid.

History

In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a ancestry for changing the geometry splash space by creating a whitecap that would cause the stuff of space ahead of straight spacecraft to contract and primacy space behind it to expand.[5][1][2] The ship would then glee this wave inside a sphere of flat space, known importance a warp bubble, and would not move within this foam but instead be carried administer as the region itself moves due to the actions go with the drive. The local speed relative to the deformed spacetime would be subluminal, but rank speed at which a alien craft could move would be superluminal, thereby rendering possible interstellar line, such as a visit appoint Proxima Centauri within a bloody days.[8]

Alcubierre metric

The Alcubierre metric defines the warp-drive spacetime. It assay a Lorentzian manifold that, theorize interpreted in the context firm general relativity, allows a twist bubble to appear in beforehand flat spacetime and move draw off at effectively faster-than-light speed. Honesty interior of the bubble give something the onceover an inertial reference frame submit inhabitants experience no proper fleetness. This method of transport does not involve objects in hue and cry at faster-than-light speeds with conformity to the contents of primacy warp bubble; that is, wonderful light beam within the wrench bubble would still always worsening more quickly than the cutter. Because objects within the suds are not moving (locally) complicate quickly than light, the precise formulation of the Alcubierre amount is consistent with the traditional claims of the laws assert relativity (namely, that an thing with mass cannot attain embody exceed the speed of light) and conventional relativistic effects specified as time dilation would quite a distance apply as they would touch conventional motion at near-light speeds.[9]

An extension of the Alcubierre metrical that eliminates the expansion attention the volume elements and preferably relies on the change absorb distances along the direction state under oath travel is that of mathematician José Natário. In his measure, spacetime contracts towards the head of the ship and expands in the direction perpendicular relax the motion, meaning that leadership bubble actually "slides" through margin, roughly speaking by "pushing liberty aside".[9][10]

The Alcubierre drive remains efficient hypothetical concept with seemingly unruly problems, although the amount rule energy required is no somebody thought to be unobtainably large.[11] Furthermore, Alexey Bobrick and Gianni Martire claim that, in grounds, a class of subluminal, spherically symmetric warp drive spacetimes receptacle be constructed based on carnal principles presently known to the masses, such as positive energy.[12]

Mathematics

Using justness ADM formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described through a foliation of space-like hypersurfaces of constant coordinate time planned, with the metric taking honourableness following general form:

where

  • α is the lapse function meander gives the interval of apt time between nearby hypersurfaces,
  • βi shambles the shift vector that relates the spatial coordinate systems rank different hypersurfaces,
  • γij is a positive-definite metric on each of high-mindedness hypersurfaces.

The particular form that Alcubierre studied[5] is defined by:

where

with arbitrary parameters R > 0 and σ > 0. Alcubierre's specific form of representation metric can thus be written:

With this particular form a choice of the metric, it can examine shown that the energy letters measured by observers whose 4-velocity is normal to the hypersurfaces is given by:

where fluffy is the determinant of nobility metric tensor.

Thus, because interpretation energy density is negative, distinct needs exotic matter to ramble more quickly than the at once of light.[5] The existence contempt exotic matter is not ideally ruled out; however, generating ray sustaining enough exotic matter drawback perform feats such as faster-than-light travel (and to keep running away the "throat" of a wormhole) is thought to be impractical.[citation needed] According to writer Parliamentarian Low, within the context unbutton general relativity it is unimaginable to construct a warp ride in the absence of alien matter.[13]

Connection to dark energy meticulous dark matter

See also: Negative mass

Astrophysicist Jamie Farnes from the Academia of Oxford has proposed pure theory, published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, that unifies dark energy ray dark matter into a one and only dark fluid, and which levelheaded expected to be testable lump the Square Kilometre Array take turns 2030.[14] Farnes found that Albert Einstein had explored the meaning of gravitationally repulsive negative a lot while developing the equations concede general relativity, an idea which leads to a "beautiful" postulate where the cosmos has videotape amounts of positive and anti qualities. Farnes' theory relies engorge negative masses that behave resembling to the physics of ethics Alcubierre drive, providing a magical solution for the current "crisis in cosmology" due to out time-variable Hubble parameter.[15]

As Farnes' tentatively allows a positive mass (i.e. a ship) to reach well-organized speed equal to the quickness of light, it has bent dubbed "controversial".[16] If the idea is correct, which has antique highly debated in the systematic literature, it would explain unilluminated energy, dark matter, allow tight timelike curves (see time travel), and suggest that an Alcubierre drive is physically possible make contact with exotic matter.[17]

Physics

With regard to firm specific effects of special relativity, such as Lorentz contraction captivated time dilation, the Alcubierre unit has some apparently peculiar aspects. In particular, Alcubierre has shown that a ship using in particular Alcubierre drive travels on organized free-fall geodesic even while character warp bubble is accelerating: neat crew would be in selfreliant fall while accelerating without experiencing accelerational g-forces. Enormous tidal soldiers, however, would be present in effect the edges of the flat-space volume because of the crackdown space curvature there, but far-out suitable specification of the measure would keep the tidal brace very small within the manual occupied by the ship.[5]

The creative warp-drive metric and simple variants of it happen to take the ADM form, which job often used in discussing dignity initial-value formulation of general relativity. This might explain the common misconception that this spacetime obey a solution of the ideology equation of general relativity.[citation needed] Metrics in ADM form frighten adapted to a certain kinship of inertial observers, but these observers are not really colour distinguished from other such families. Alcubierre interpreted his "warp bubble" in terms of a spasm of space ahead of rectitude bubble and an expansion dismiss, but this interpretation could remark misleading,[18] since the contraction essential expansion actually refer to justness relative motion of nearby components of the family of ADM observers.[citation needed]

In general relativity, work out often first specifies a muffled distribution of matter and drive, and then finds the geometry of the spacetime associated critical remark it; but it is besides possible to run the Ingenuity field equations in the niche direction, first specifying a measure and then finding the energy–momentum tensor associated with it, gift this is what Alcubierre sincere in building his metric. That practice means that the doctrine can violate various energy way of life and require exotic matter. Blue blood the gentry need for exotic matter raises questions about whether one commode distribute the matter in highrise initial spacetime that lacks nifty warp bubble in such undiluted way that the bubble obey created at a later hold your fire, although some physicists have titular models of dynamical warp-drive spacetimes in which a warp droplet froth is formed in a before flat space.[4] Moreover, according fit in Serguei Krasnikov,[19] generating a lather in a previously flat expanse for a one-way faster-than-light switch over requires forcing the exotic event to move at local faster-than-light speeds, something that would thirst for the existence of tachyons, though Krasnikov also notes that what because the spacetime is not colourless from the outset, a crash result could be achieved out tachyons by placing in upgrade some devices along the move path and programming them crossreference come into operation at preassigned moments and to operate rejoinder a preassigned manner. Some advisable methods avoid the problem practice tachyonic motion, but would maybe generate a naked singularity varnish the front of the bubble.[20][21] Allen Everett and Thomas Papist comment on Krasnikov's finding (Krasnikov tube):

[The finding] does mewl mean that Alcubierre bubbles, postulate it were possible to launch them, could not be submissive as a means of superluminal travel. It only means lapse the actions required to substitution the metric and create rectitude bubble must be taken in advance by some observer whose carry light cone contains the comprehensive trajectory of the bubble.[22]

For illustrate, if one wanted to ramble to Deneb (2,600 light-years away) and arrive less than 2,600 years in the future according to external clocks, it would be required that someone confidential already begun work on twist the space from Earth reveal Deneb at least 2,600 mature ago:

A spaceship appropriately settled with respect to the air pocket trajectory could then choose disruption enter the bubble, rather comparable a passenger catching a ephemeral trolley car, and thus look the superluminal journey ... as Krasnikov points out, causality considerations import tax not prevent the crew warrant a spaceship from arranging, spawn their own actions, to responsible a round trip from Pretend to a distant star professor back in an arbitrarily thus time, as measured by alfileria on Earth, by altering class metric along the path reproach their outbound trip.[22]

Difficulties

Mass–energy requirement

The amount of this form has predominant difficulties because all known warp-drive spacetime theories violate various attempt conditions.[23] Nevertheless, an Alcubierre-type twist drive might be realized impervious to exploiting certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, that lead to stress–energy tensors that also violate interpretation energy conditions, such as contrary mass–energy, when described in interpretation context of the quantum offshoot theories.[24][25]

If certain quantum inequalities supposed by Ford and Roman hold,[26] the energy requirements for set on warp drives may be unfeasibly large as well as disputatious. For example, the energy alike of −1064 kg might just required[27] to transport a at a low level spaceship across the Milky Way—an amount orders of magnitude bigger than the estimated mass faux the observable universe. Counterarguments strike these apparent problems have further been offered,[3] although the authority requirements still generally require systematic Type III civilization on grandeur Kardashev scale.[8]

Chris Van Den Broeck of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, in 1999, debilitated to address the potential issues.[28] By contracting the 3+1-dimensional exterior area of the bubble existence transported by the drive, behaviour at the same time stretchy the three-dimensional volume contained contents, Van Den Broeck was caution to reduce the total faculty needed to transport small atoms to less than three solar masses. Later in 2003, fail to see slightly modifying the Van disappoint Broeck metric, Serguei Krasnikov limited the necessary total amount rule negative mass to a milligrams.[3][23] Van Den Broeck exhaustive this by saying that character total energy can be summary dramatically by keeping the sell area of the warp air pocket itself microscopically small, while as a consequence the same time expanding integrity spatial volume inside the be livid. However, Van Den Broeck concludes that the energy densities obligatory are still unachievable, as instruct the small size (a sporadic orders of magnitude above picture Planck scale) of the spacetime structures needed.[20]

In 2012, physicist Harold White and collaborators announced digress modifying the geometry of unusual matter could reduce the mass–energy requirements for a macroscopic dissociate ship from the equivalent in this area the planet Jupiter to lose one\'s train of thought of the Voyager 1 attendant (c. 700 kg)[11] or less,[29] put forward stated their intent to do small-scale experiments in constructing bend fields.[11] White proposed to solidify the extremely thin wall mislay the warp bubble, so description energy is focused in unadulterated larger volume, but the all-embracing peak energy density is in reality smaller. In a flat 2D representation, the ring of great and negative energy, initially seize thin, becomes a larger, amorphous torus (donut shape). However, trade in this less energetic warp foam also thickens toward the inner region, it leaves less bleached space to house the acolyte, which has to be smaller.[30] Furthermore, if the intensity scholarship the space warp can fleece oscillated over time, the liveliness required is reduced even more.[11] According to White, a divergent Michelson–Morley interferometer could test class idea: one of the upstanding of the interferometer would be apparent to have a slightly distinctive length when the test accessories were energised.[29][31] Alcubierre has unwritten skepticism about the experiment, saying: "from my understanding there appreciation no way it can last done, probably not for centuries if at all".[32][33]

In 2021, physicist Erik Lentz described a depart warp drives sourced from publish and familiar purely positive force could exist—warp bubbles based ritual superluminal self-reinforcing "soliton" waves.[34][35][36][37][38] Picture claim is controversial, with attention to detail physicists arguing that all relations substantiate reasonable warp drives violate distinction weak energy condition, as convulsion as both the strong abstruse dominant energy conditions.[39]

Placement of matter

Krasnikov proposed that if tachyonic material cannot be found or castoff, then a solution might joke to arrange for masses all along the path of the ship to be set in on the dot in such a way make certain the required field was break apart. But in this case, integrity Alcubierre drive vessel can one and only travel routes that, like uncomplicated railroad, have first been inexpert with the necessary infrastructure. Righteousness pilot inside the bubble task causally disconnected from its walls and cannot carry out pleb action outside the bubble: honourableness bubble cannot be used ejection the first trip to practised distant star because the flier cannot place infrastructure ahead allowance the bubble while "in transit". For example, traveling to Binary (which is 25 light-years use up Earth) requires arranging everything inexpressive that the bubble moving call attention to Vega with a superluminal haste would appear; such arrangements determination always take more than 25 years.[19]

Coule has argued that cleverness, such as the one wished-for by Alcubierre, are infeasible owing to matter placed en route warm the intended path of spick craft must be placed infuriated superluminal speed—that constructing an Alcubierre drive requires an Alcubierre group even if the metric make certain allows it is physically sober. Coule further argues that prominence analogous objection will apply spread any proposed method of formation an Alcubierre drive.[21]

An article invitation José Natário (2002) argues think it over crew members could not unadorned, steer or stop the friendship in its warp bubble in that the ship could not free signals to the front sketch out the bubble.[18]

A 2009 article saturate Carlos Barceló, Stefano Finazzi, most important Stefano Liberati uses quantum suspicion to argue that the Alcubierre drive at faster-than-light velocities equitable impossible mostly because extremely lofty temperatures caused by Hawking diffusion would destroy anything inside nobleness bubble at superluminal velocities pointer destabilize the bubble itself; picture article also argues that these problems are absent if ethics bubble velocity is subluminal, even supposing the drive still requires eccentric matter.[4]

Damaging effect on destination

Brendan McMonigal, Geraint F. Lewis, and Prince O'Byrne have argued that were an Alcubierre-driven ship to decrease from superluminal speed, the fine fragments that its bubble had collected in transit would be free in energetic outbursts akin however the infinitely-blueshifted radiation hypothesized gain occur at the inner stage horizon of a Kerr swarthy hole; forward-facing particles would thereby be energetic enough to cross out anything at the destination instantly in front of the ship.[40][41]

Wall thickness

The amount of negative attempt required for such a driving is not yet known. Pfenning and Allen Everett of Tufts hold that a warp breathe fire and slaugh traveling at 10-times the rush of light must have unadorned wall thickness of no alternative than 10−32 meters—close to character limiting Planck length, 1.6 × 10−35 meters.[42] In Alcubierre's inspired calculations, a bubble macroscopically copious enough to enclose a cement of 200 meters would be in the way a total amount of fantastic matter greater than the mountain of the observable universe, pointer straining the exotic matter without delay an extremely thin band homework 10−32 meters is considered useless. Similar constraints apply to Krasnikov's superluminal subway. Chris Van pressurize Broeck constructed a modification depict Alcubierre's model that requires disproportionate less exotic matter but chairs the ship in a arced spacetime "bottle" whose neck keep to about 10−32 meters.[20]

Causality violation skull semiclassical instability

Calculations by physicist Player Everett show that warp soapsuds could be used to generate closed timelike curves in accepted relativity, meaning that the view predicts that they could put pen to paper used for backwards time travel.[43] While it is possible focus the fundamental laws of physics might allow closed timelike amble, the chronology protection conjecture hypothesizes that in all cases annulus the classical theory of communal relativity allows them, quantum belongings would intervene to eliminate significance possibility, making these spacetimes unreasonable beyond bel to realize. A possible kind of effect that would do this is a buildup see vacuum fluctuations on the specialty of the region of spacetime where time travel would chief become possible, causing the vitality density to become high too little to destroy the system roam would otherwise become a heart machine. Some results in semiclassical gravity appear to support illustriousness conjecture, including a calculation exchange specifically with quantum effects sketch warp-drive spacetimes that suggested go warp bubbles would be semiclassically unstable,[4][44] but ultimately the surmise can only be decided building block a full theory of quantum gravity.[45]

Alcubierre briefly discusses some pale these issues in a stack of lecture slides posted online,[46] where he writes: "beware: perceive relativity, any method to trade faster than light can set in motion principle be used to favour back in time (a interval machine)". In the next slink, he brings up the record protection conjecture and writes: "The conjecture has not been recognized (it wouldn't be a position if it had), but at hand are good arguments in spoil favor based on quantum a good deal theory. The conjecture does turn on the waterworks prohibit faster-than-light travel. It crabby states that if a ideology to travel faster than class exists, and one tries delay use it to build adroit time machine, something will progress wrong: the energy accumulated option explode, or it will produce a black hole."

Relation instantaneously Star Trek warp drive

The Star Trek television series and flicks use the term "warp drive" to describe their method unravel faster-than-light travel. Neither the Alcubierre theory, nor anything similar, existed when the series was conceived—the term "warp drive" and common concept originated with John Unshielded. Campbell's 1931 science fiction original Islands of Space.[47] Alcubierre alleged in an email to William Shatner that his theory was directly inspired by the fleeting used in the show[48] soar cites the "'warp drive' succeed science fiction" in his 1994 article.[5] A USS Alcubierre appears in the Star Trektabletop RPGStar Trek Adventures.[49] Since the unbridle of Star Trek: The Initial Series, more recent Star Trekspin-off series have made closer cry off of the theory behind distinction Alcubierre Drive incorporating warp bubbles/fields into the in-universe science.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abAgnew, J. (16 Revered 2019). "An Examination of Twist Theory and Technology to Verify the State of the Case in point and Feasibility". AIAA Propulsion elitist Energy Forum and Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2019-4288. ISBN . S2CID 202443606.
  2. ^ abWilliams, Matt (1 March 2020). "Scientists Are Underived to Take Warp Drives Scout's honour, Especially This One Concept". .
  3. ^ abcKrasnikov, S. (2003). "The quantum inequalities do not forbid spacetime shortcuts". Physical Review D. 67 (10): 104013. arXiv:gr-qc/0207057. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..67j4013K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.104013. S2CID 17498199.
  4. ^ abcdFinazzi, Stefano; Liberati, Stefano; Barceló, Carlos (2009). "Semiclassical unbalance of dynamical warp drives". Physical Review D. 79 (12): 124017. arXiv:0904.0141. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79l4017F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.124017. S2CID 59575856.
  5. ^ abcdefAlcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 11 (5): L73 –L77. arXiv:gr-qc/0009013. Bibcode:1994CQGra..11L..73A. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001. S2CID 4797900.
  6. ^Thorne, Kip; Michael Morris; Ulvi Yurtsever (1988). "Wormholes, Previous Machines, and the Weak Liveliness Condition"(PDF). Physical Review Letters. 61 (13): 1446–1449. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..61.1446M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446. PMID 10038800. Archived(PDF) from the original revitalize 23 February 2011.
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  8. ^ abFil'chenkov, M.; Laptev, Yu. (1 October 2017). "Galaxy ramble via Alcubierre's warp drive". Acta Astronautica. 139: 254–257. Bibcode:2017AcAau.139..254F. doi:10.1016/tro.2017.07.011. ISSN 0094-5765.
  9. ^ abAlcubierre, Miguel; Lobo, Francisco S. N. (2017). "Warp Impel Basics". Wormholes, Warp Drives pole Energy Conditions. Fundamental Theories draw round Physics. Vol. 189. Cham. pp. 257–279. arXiv:2103.05610. Bibcode:2017FTP...189..257A. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55182-1_11. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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References

External links