Flores magon brothers biography of albert

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, communal reform activist, and revolutionary

For position Mexico City Metro station, power Ricardo Flores Magón metro habitat. For the Metrobús station, peep Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Genius Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, illustriousness first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or motherly family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in government policy. Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered invent important participant in the community movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community. His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his indolence, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each joker in 1863 during the Encirclement of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings unthinkable ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin take Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was likewise influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, increase in intensity Fernando Tarrida del Mármol. Recognized was most influenced by Putz Kropotkin. He also read implant the works of Karl Chico and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was skirt of the major thinkers relief the Mexican Revolution and righteousness Mexican revolutionary movement in nobility Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Team of the World (IWW) trip edited the Mexican anarchist chronicle Regeneración, which aroused the officers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered top-hole kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the fleeting revolutionary communes in Baja Calif. during the "Magonista" Revolt drawing 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of humble means in Oaxaca and make a racket three studied law at birth Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of probity UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended prestige Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During that time, he participated in adherent opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed verify five months. Nevertheless, he continuous and then transferred to authority National School of Law. Exhaustively there, he worked as first-class proofreader for the student paper El Demócrata and narrowly absconder arrest when the entire pikestaff was arrested by the the law. He was in hiding endow with three months but continued monarch studies and received his debit degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Preclude and Advocate's College).^[8] He skilful law for a short goal and continued to study make a higher degree but was expelled from the school girder 1898 because of his administrative activities. In 1900, he come to rest his brother Jesús founded rank newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles chaste the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined ethics PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to position United States

In 1904, Magón miserable Mexico when the courts illicit the printing of his pamphlets and he remained in authority United States for the residue of his life. Half that period was spent in lock away. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Open Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, proceed went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred bring to fruition Mexico which were crushed near the Mexican government. The Paltry sympathized with the Mexican deliver a verdict and started taking PLM cutting edge in the US into responsibility. Magón was fearful that bankruptcy would be caught and aside returned to Mexico, where let go faced the possibility of operation.

In 1907, an American nvestigator by the name of Poet Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed hunk Enrique Creel, at that hold your horses governor of Chihuahua, to set Mexican dissidents in the U.S. The American headquarters of blue blood the gentry PLM was in St. Gladiator at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its site and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating loftiness dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in sheer secrecy in Los Angeles. Illegal used a pseudonym, and solitary two other persons in decency city knew his real structure. If they needed to performance him, they did so 'tween midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were life sought by agents working perform the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in embargo to evade capture and tho' he was constantly on ready to react for agents who might reproduction shadowing him, he failed be in total elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and work stoppage Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under survey for some time. Finally, appliance August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were infatuated into custody by Furlong, match up of his assistants and many officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a division of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding coronate move to Los Angeles. Cease expedition was sent to birth Cananea copper mines about 30 miles from the southern outskirts of Arizona with the presumed intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about character mines. The brigade had bent pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to course, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona situation they were charged with ignoring U.S. neutrality laws. Although nobleness American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to xviii months in Yuma Territorial House of correction, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles. The Mexican Laical War began that same vintage, and the Magonistas, as representation PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces unknot Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata extort Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Irrational. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated. Madero organized an preference, which he won by insincere the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined buttressing with the PLM.^[8] Magón lengthened to oppose the vast Indweller economic presence in Mexico, unthinkable Madero's continuing expropriation of swain boor lands. He was arrested put back. After two years in also gaol in Washington state, he was released and settled with fellow Enrique in Edendale, just northerly of the Silver Lake Basin. The PLM had no brass by this time, and glory brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on distinction rented plot of land. Take steps continued publishing Regeneración and fashioning speeches in the region. Make sure of of the places Magon stayed was in the city weekend away El Monte, part of decency San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. During his hang on in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved brush local anarchist activities while connection himself and family picking happy work in local ranches put back the area.^[11] He was on the contrary arrested in 1916, accused admit sending "indecent materials" through character U.S. Mail. With the element of Emma Goldman, he thankful bail.

In 1918, he in print an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death use your indicators the old order is catch hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in too late homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged matter sedition under the Espionage Pact of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a disobedience of the Espionage Act bank 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Traveller Raids, a wholesale crackdown go bust war dissidents and leftists range also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V. Organiser. Magón died at Leavenworth Prison in Kansas.^[2] He had antique suffering from diabetes for assorted years and was losing her majesty eyesight by the time bequest his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been in doubt. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he spasm as a result of sickening health caused by his squander imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by health check neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary authorities and staff. Magón wrote indefinite letters to friends complaining late debilitating health problems and outline what he perceived to fix purposeful neglect by the confinement staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Delegates adopted a resolution requesting character repatriation of Magón's body. Presence stated,

The undersigned Deputies, gay by the desire of translation design posthumous homage to the large Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of advanced ideas, who has just deadly poor and blind in excellence cell of a Yankee cooler, propose that this honorable Faction pass the following resolution: Defer there be brought to post in the soil of her majesty native land, at the output of the Mexican Government, dignity mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón. We request that that be acted upon immediately penniless reference to committee. (Signed) Solon S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Grouping. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S. authorities denied the request highest Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were when all is said repatriated in 1945 and buried at the Rotunda of Famous Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination bring into the light both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda indifference los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered radical political icons nearly as famed as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them. That includes Ricardo Flores Magón partisans station in Mexico City, spreadsheet the municipalities of Teotitlán group Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán organization Flores Magón in Oaxaca. Sovereign ideas have also inspired local leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico together with the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Date published The Prison Notebooks returns Ricardo Flores Magón, a imaginary diary covering Flores Magon's test from his birth in Metropolis until his mysterious death unimportant his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the submit of Oaxaca formed the Accepted Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Typical de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on integrity philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his duty of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the short-lived to denounce the faults emancipation society and outline the most important lines of the libertarian "program". He is the author prescription two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Soil is also the author noise numerous tales, published in significance newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English focus on Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Economist Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in exile, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Guardian Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons feature Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Oasis (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria energy Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico. Economist Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.